Monday, September 29. 2008The Risk of ePassports and RFID
Today vonJeek/THC released his tool and a video how to duplicate (clone) and modify
a Passport with RFID chip. http://freeworld.thc.org/thc-epassport/ The weakness is in the way the system has been rolled out. The terminal accepts self-signed data. This attack is different to the grunwald attack. VonJeek's attack makes it possible to copy, forge and modify the data so that it is still accepted as a genuine valid passport by the terminal. Using a Certification Authority (CA) could solve the attack but at the same time introduces a new set of attack vectors: 1. The CA becomes a single point of failure. It becomes the juicy/high-value target for the attacker. Single point of failures are not good. Attractive targets are not good. Any person with access to the CA key can undetectably fake passports. Direct attacks, virus, misplacing the key by accident (the UK government is good at this!) or bribery are just a few ways of getting the CA key. 2. The single CA would need to be trusted by all governments. This is not practical as this means that passports would no longer be a national matter. 3. Multiple CA's would not work either. Any country could use its own CA to create a valid passport of any other country. Read this sentence again: Country A can create a passport data set of Country B and sign it with Country A's CA key. The terminal will validate and display the information as data from Country B. This option also multiplies the number of 'juicy' targets. It makes it also more likely for a CA key to leak. Revocation lists for certificates only work when a leak/loss is detected. In most cases it will not be detected. Note: The last item received some comments. Some readers suggested that this can be fixed. Yes, of course, any system can be fixed. Indeed it would be a first good step by the terminal to check that a passport from country A is also signed with the CA key of country A and not by the CA key of country B. The current implementation and plans make it unlikely that this will be implemented securely. In the end we are trusted those people who gave out ePassports that can be read by anyone and not just authorized terminals. We are trusting those people who say that good security practice to verify the validity of a passport is optional and not mandatory. So what's the solution? We know that humans are good at Border Control. In the end they protected us well for the last 120 years. We also know that humans are good at pattern matching and image recognition. Humans also do an excellent job 'assessing' the person and not just the passport. Take the human part away and passport security falls apart. Never let a computer do a job that can be done by a human. Let's take a look at a few other things now possible with ePassports: ePassports aid Data Theft: The 3 meter barrier has recently been broken for reading RFID data (e.g. your ePassport data) from a distance 3 meters away. Attacks always get better. They never get worse. The next barrier is 5, 10 and 20 meters. An attacker can read the data from your ePassport (while you walk in the street!) and can use your credentials to authenticate himself or duplicate your passport. ePassports aid Terrorism: Thanks to the ePassports is it now possible to build Smart-IED's. A Smart-IED waits until a specific person passes by before detonating or let's say until there are more than 10 americans in the room. Boom. Do ePassports make you feel more safe now as the government says they would do? Dont get me wrong. Here at THC we love technology but we dont trust it. Interesting times, The Ministry Of Truth http://www.thc.org Comments
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You say: Multiple CA's would not work either. Any country could use its own CA to create a valid
passport of any other country. While I don't know the details of the passport-system, this sounds wrong. Why isn't it possible to have a different CA for each Country? If the Country-CA and the Passport-Country doesn't match, its obviously faked. Sorry if my english is hard to understand 
I don't really get this either, and the same doubts came out here:
http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2008/09/how_to_clone_an.html#comments Would you please go a bit further into details?
This is explained in the entry - CA's are single-points-of-failure, or in laymen's terms, it only takes a single failure to compromise the system. For something as critical as individual identity, the faults inherent in a system based on CA's alone make the system a far simpler hack/crack than one based on multiple levels of security.
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Single point of failures are not good. Attractive targets are not good. r u sure?
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It’s important to note that there’s a key difference between e-passports (passport books) and passport cards. While passport cards use vicinity RFID (EPC Gen 2) technology, which can be read at distances of up to 30 feet, e-passports use ISO 14443 contactless smart card tech with a read range of a few inches
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This seems wrong. Shouldn't it be "Never let a computer do a job that /is better/ done by a human." ?
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To verify that something is signed by a CA you do not need the CA signing key itself, all you need is its public key. Otherwise SSL would not work -- we would need the private key of Verisign to determine a site is signed with Verisign.
Multiple countries can provide their CA certs and if you want to verify a UK password, use the UK signing key. Easy. You're right that it makes the CA private keys high value targets. One would surely be compromised, so only trust your own country's to prove passports authentic.
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Your criticism of Multiple CAs is fundamentally flawed - just because you trust CA1 to sign Country1's passports, it doesn't mean you trust it to sign Country2's.
Of course, you still have the other problems - CAs are a suddenly a lucrative and smaller target set, and much easier to surreptitiously gain access to and use. Nonetheless, if the measures are used in addition to and not in place of traditional authentication measures, they can significantly increase the ability to properly authenticate a passport. Your latter points about remote access are completely legit and a side effect of people making decisions based on what technology is sexiest rather than what technology is best for a task. Embedded smart cards (or other technologies requiring physical contact) could provide as much security if not more without allowing unintentional access without physical access.
Please give a reference to the claim of "3m barrier reading being broken for ISO 14443 tags".
The power output of passive ISO 14443 comms on the sidebands is 1/r^3. Since at a distance of 1m the power levels are already at the same level as background radio noise, I would be very interested in hearing how exactly you read at 3 meters something where the SNR is so bad. It could revolutionize radio communications as we know it.
3m reading? They got an award for it:
http://www.mmdt.cc/MDTi/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=88&Itemid=2
But that is for 2.4 GHz, not the 13.56 MHz which is used in the passports. They are both called "RFID", but there is a huge difference otherwise.
Lumping the large range of one technology and crypto of another technology is just scaremongering, which does nothing to help anybody. It's as if you were saying that because Windows has security bugs, and Linux does not have games, the entire computer game industry is doomed and cannot work. Let's get real with RFID
You are right to be sceptical, but since the S/N ratio needed for reception is proportional to the frequency used, what works for a 2.4GHz chip will definitely work for a 13MHz chip, and will work at a longer range.
Not necessarily. Remember that near-field (13.56 MHz) uses inductive coupling, but most 2.4 GHz systems use back-scatter or capacitive coupling.
Inductive coupling drops off at 1/r^3, which makes it extremely difficult to discern from background radiation beyond a certain range. Pumping enough energy into a 13.56MHz ISO 14443 tag to make it readable at three meters would probably fry it and anything in its path... Would be cool to try though 
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Glad to see such a thing come out. This is a prime example where pointing out the emperor has no clothes will have an affect on the perceived value of the technology as a security measure.
ePassports were never meant to use the RFID as the only authentication method. It was meant to augment the existing counterfeit protections (special inks, holograms, watermarks, etc). The idea was to add another layer. The physical passport info and picture has to match the person presenting it, and now both of those have to match the digital version on the passport (not counting biometrics like fingerprints on the chip, etc). Basically, another step for a forger to go through. The problem becomes that people trust technology far too much and any passport that passes digital muster will not be scrutinized as well as a traditional, non ePassport. It is still another step to get all 3 authentication factors (face, picture, digi-pic) to line up to pass through a border, but it's not something I see taking too long.
Is there any working revoke implementation, if a passport isn't valid any more? Otherwise from my perspective it is hard to get why exactly this weakness exists.
I think it's important to determine how a real secure digital passport system should be designed, and to open those thoughts. That may help bettering up the situation.
What would it take to "blow" the RFID chip in a UK passport. I mean would a commercial bulk magnetic tape eraser do it, or maybe the big electromagnet at a scrapyard?
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I believe some of you who balked at the claim: "Country A can create a passport data set of Country B and sign it with Country A's CA key", missed the point; which is easy to miss since the author left it to be inferred. Here is the missing piece: The validation software that "checks" the validity of the signed data set, will only care that SOME CA cert in its store will validate the data. As long as it finds a CA cert that works, it reports a validated passport. Think about it... this is exactly our experience with our desktop software that validates the certificates provided by various websites during SSL/https sessions. We the user don't know WHICH CA cert validated the received cert... we only know that ONE of them did.
Yes, it can be fixed, but the point is that it is currently broke.
Quite right. This also introduces another problem - The security of loading CA public keys into the ID validator. Since PC's are easily hacked these days it is not that difficult to load a fake CA cert that can be used to validate fake websites. In the case of a hacked passport reader/validator this could allow ANY fake ID to be accepted. Compromise of a CA signing key is the worst case of course as it allows ANY fake ID to be accepted at ANY reader. However the CA signing is generally protected in highly secure facilities (often in bunkers under mountains!)whereas the readers are much easier to attack.
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you still have the other problems - CAs are a suddenly a lucrative and smaller target set, and much easier to surreptitiously gain access to and use. Nonetheless, if the measures are used in addition to and not in place of traditional authentication measures, they can significantly increase the ability to properly authenticate a passport
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If the measures are used in addition to and not in place of traditional authentication measures, they can significantly increase the ability to properly authenticate a passport
Thanks for this info - quite unnerving but it's interesting to know how easily things like this can be. Cheers - George
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Its a fact if there is money to be made from forgery then it doesn't matter how full proof a passport is made, fraudsters will get around the process. The trick is to keep one step ahead of them.
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THC Blog. I just got my new ePassport, and now I'm wondering how I can shield it from prying eyes.
You need to get a Secure Sleeve for Passports. Identity Stronghold makes them. You slip your passport into one and it blocks the RFID transmission.
Their Secure Sleeve for Credit Cards is actually shipped with every new US Passport card format. They are at www.idstronghold.com and they can ship internationally too.
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you still have the other problems - CAs are a suddenly a lucrative and smaller target set, and much easier to surreptitiously gain access to and use. Nonetheless, if the measures are used in addition to and not in place of traditional authentication measures, they can significantly increase the ability to properly authenticate a passport.
Your latter points about remote access are completely legit and a side effect of people making decisions based on what technology is sexiest rather than what technology is best for a task.
you still have the other problems - CAs are a suddenly a lucrative and smaller target set, and much easier to surreptitiously gain access to and use. Nonetheless, if the measures are used in addition to and not in place of traditional authentication measures, they can significantly increase the ability to properly authenticate a passport.
Your latter points about remote access are completely legit and a side effect of people making decisions based on what technology is sexiest rather than what technology is best for a task
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ePassports were never meant to use the RFID as the only authentication method. It was meant to augment the existing counterfeit protections (special inks, holograms, watermarks, etc). The idea was to add another layer. The physical passport info and picture has to match the person presenting it, and now both of those have to match the digital version on the passport (not counting biometrics like fingerprints on the chip, etc). Basically, another step for a forger to go through.
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Die Hacker-Gruppe THC (The Hacker's Choice) zeigt wie man biometrische Reisepässe mit RFID-Chip, die ePassports, klonen und verändern kann. Damit sind die Dinger praktisch wertlos geworden.
Tracked: Sep 30, 13:07
Das Problem mit den ePässen ist offenbar, dass die Terminals selbstsignierte Daten akzeptieren. (Siehe auch: heise-Meldung.) Das lässt sich leicht ändern, in dem man Signaturen zwingend verlangt. Doch der Beitrag über den schon erwähnten Hack des elekt
Tracked: Sep 30, 14:16